Peloponnesian War (Research Pap.) Essay Example

Peloponnesian War (Research Pap.) Essay Bound FOR WAR Jarod Bleibdrey, M. S. C. J January 20, 2013 As people have advanced into huge, complex human advancements, a developing pattern got striking to humankind, which was debasement. Hypothesizing that Herodotus was the principal genuine student of history, and Thucydides was the second, at that point the Peloponnesian War would be the primary type of government debasement wherein war got unavoidable. Now, the war shifts in impression of the two incredible coalitions, and why the war was even battled. This paper will exhibit how the Peloponnesian War remained as an incredible case of how superpowers become pushed into fight with each other, in light of debasement, immense contrast in ways of life, and the asking from littler substances. Concentrate will be on how both Athens and Sparta’s political, social and discretionary frameworks constrained them into fight, yet the fights themselves are of little worry in this paper. It was the â€Å"behind the scenes† occasions that can best clarify and sum up the war. With the center laying upon the reasons for the war, it gets imperative to recall that, what started as an incredible coalition, transformed into the destruction of Greece and permitted the victory of Philip of Macedonia to initiate. Let us start with the way of life of Athens and Sparta, trying to clarify the immense difference inside the two city-states. The Spartans were fixated on their military predominance, while the Athenians were keen on solace and culture. Without a doubt, the Athenian Navy was the most grounded oceanic power of the age, however more on this when we get to defilement. We will compose a custom paper test on Peloponnesian War (Research Pap.) explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Peloponnesian War (Research Pap.) explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Peloponnesian War (Research Pap.) explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The way of life of Athens and Sparta was distinctive to their center; everything from political to day by day living clashed, making them become serious and skeptical of one another. The Spartan government was a mind boggling structure, which comprised of a double government, a warrior get together (apella), a chamber of older folks (gerousia) and the ephors. Herodotus asserts that the two imperial groups of Sparta, which comprised of the Agiadai and Eurypontidai families, shared a typical parentage and could follow their genealogy back to Herakles himself. Along these lines making the illustrious families by blood lines, which would be not able to be uprooted, instead of that of military force, which could be toppled. The lords were constrained in their capacity as they just held order of the military. They had no impact in the laws which were left to the apella, gerousia and ephors. The apella was made out of each Spartan warrior who had arrived at the age of thirty. The apella’s essential capacities included choosing individuals for the gerousia, and the ephors. The apella held a definitive force on issues of enactment and arrangement. The way wherein they casted a ballot was through a procedure of applause. Over the apella was the gerousia, which comprised of the two rulers and twenty-eight individuals from Spartan warriors who had arrived at the age of sixty. The individuals chose into the gerousia served an actual existence term, and must be evacuated by the ephors. The genuine idea of the gerousia is obscure, however Herodotus composed the gerousia could fill in as a court to hear capital cases. The last political body of the Spartans and conceivably the most significant is that of the ephors. The five ephors were uninhibitedly chosen every year and went to a significant part of the day by day business of Sparta. Every month the lords and the ephors would trade vows, to which each swore to maintain the situation of the other. The ephors were the genuine controlling body of the Spartans, and hence took after a government rule. It was this oligarchic principle of the ephors which demanded the agoge, and put Sparta into a battle ready centered city-state. The administration in Athens followed a totally different course than Sparta. Athenian residents had the obligation to cast a ballot or hold office. During the sixth century B. C. , Athens founded a one of a kind type of government in which the residents had an immediate state in the appointment of pioneers. This early type of majority rule government was lead by Cleisthenes who made the Assembly, which involved each resident of Athens, and the Council of Five Hundred. This Council was involved fifty delegates from every one of the Ten Tribes of Athens. This guaranteed every clan had an equivalent state in the formation of laws and appointment of pioneers. To guarantee equity, the law was set that every individual from the fifty from one of the ten clans must not be connected, nor hold a similar occupation as some other member†¦to guarantee there was no nepotism or normal vestment. The Council of 500 spoke to the authoritative assortment of Athens. The official force was set inside the Strategus, in which 10 officers were chosen into office for one year terms, of these 10 strategi, one was chosen as pioneer of the gathering and filled in as president. The legal intensity of Athens was put with the Areopagus, or the Supreme Court. This body was made up, essentially, of well off land proprietors who had been chosen as archons (judges) previously. This administrative, official and legal expanded government is thinking back to all current majority rules systems. The significant deviation from current occasions being that Athens was an immediate majority rule government, in which the residents must be available to cast a ballot. Each part of the legislature was equipped for vetoing each other, accordingly building up a check and equalization framework. It was additionally standard to remove from the nation, any speaker who turned out to be excessively incredible, in a procedure called shunning. Consistently the Council casted a ballot and one part would be excluded (ousted) for a time of ten years. Athens would cast a ballot by hurling hued rocks into a monster pot. This would be a very tedious procedure as every theme would have speakers talk for its sake, endless supply of the discussion the democratic would start. The stones were either white or dark, where white represented favor and dark spoke to a disavowal. While picking an individual to exclude, broken shards of ceramics called ostrakon would be utilized with the planned individual of outcast name, scratched onto the shard. After all votes were made, the quantities of each were counted and the victor/alienated declared. This would take quite a while and in this way the Athenians prided themselves upon their devotion and tender loving care. This could have lead present day students of history to see the Spartans as incautious, and the Athenians as careful. This has been a significant misguided judgment, as obvious by the discourse given by King Archidamus of Sparta, in which the Spartan King requested that the board practice reason and alert before announcing war upon Athens. Thus, Pericles himself encouraged the Athenians to war against a prevailing area armed force. Another contrast between the two extraordinary city-states was their every day living and how it influenced the exchange the two urban communities. The Athenian economy was vigorously reliant upon outside exchange and due to their area on the Aegean Sea, sea became life, and the ocean implied life and employment. While exchange was a need Athens, Sparta depended upon their slave work. The Helots (captives) of Sparta were the main thrust of Spartan farming, and took into account Spartan’s inordinate extra an ideal opportunity to make an interpretation of into their commitment to the agoge. Since Sparta was cut off from the remainder of Greece by two mountain ranges there was little exchange being directed, and therefore unions ere not an appropriate solid purpose of Sparta. The Spartans once in a while went from their city-state or permitted outsiders into it, in this manner making the main genuine vantage of joining Sparta, being that of their notoriety in fight. With Sparta being an independent express, their observation would have been viewed as truth and certainty, regardless of what was composed of them. Perhaps the b est contrast between the Athenian and the Spartans respected their demeanor towards ladies. The job of ladies in the Greek city conditions of Athens and Sparta reveals insight upon the satisfactory estimations of their time. Straightforward ladies had comparative equity to their male partner (with the exception of casting a ballot rights). Simple ladies did little housework or sewing, as they depended upon their slave work to direct the day by day tasks. Because of the men being in the military and regularly away from home, the ladies had full authority over their families and were not constrained into an existence of just childbearing and housekeeping. Since Spartan ladies exhibited a more noteworthy definitive impact, the country flourished and turned into a reference point of headway, which would really be a closer likeness to present day developments than Athens. At the point when Athenian young ladies grew up, their dads offered them for marriage. Indeed, even as spouses, they were required to remain inside consistently, and their essential life undertakings were youngster raising, housework, and sewing, accordingly giving them no likelihood to add to the Athenians advancement and culture. Sparta was uncomfortable, ceaselessly focusing on war and the territory of Sparta all in all, while the Athenians concentrated on solace and discovered chance to cultivate incredible scholars in science, theory, literature†¦etc. With their disparities in government, physical environmental factors and perspectives on ladies, Sparta and Athens spoke to the two altogether different ways a polis could have been back in the fifth century of Ancient Greece, and in this manner set them-selves on an intense training for preeminent predominance, yet war and fight would hold a genuine incentive to the Greeks, thus it was fights which lead to incredible coalitions and foes. In 478 BC, following the thrashing of Xerxes intrusion of Greece, Pausanias the Spartan drove Hellenic powers against the Persians.

Plato's The Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Plato's The Republic - Essay Example At the very beginning, Socrates explains the shades of malice of imitative craftsmanship, which is thrice expelled from reality. He decides to demonstrate his point by saying that anything with a typical name is accepted to relate with a similar ides. He expounds utilizing a model - there are a lot of beds and tables yet the thought behind the utilization of the equivalent has a place with one in particular. It is a similar individual who makes vessels of each sort, however plants and creatures, himself and every single other thing he is the creator. Anybody might be able to do likewise by holding up a mirror, yet that would just be appearances. In this manner similarly a painter is a minor maker of appearances. Returning to the model there are three craftsmans who make it - one is God, who is and consistently will be the essential hotspot for each possible thought, the woodworker who makes the bed for down to earth use lastly the painter who just impersonates. Along these lines he f ills no detectable need. Socrates says the imitator is constantly a long way from reality. He has yet a sprinkling of information which he marches as reality and straightforward people, who know no better, acknowledge it at face esteem. Writers are typically thought of as genuine wellsprings of information. Homer, the unbelievable writer for example is accepted to be learned man, capable head and a shrewd onlooker of human instinct. However, in the event that that been the situation clearly he would have been at the cutting edge of the occasions in his day as opposed to consigning himself to the foundation Thus one must be careful with verse since it adds up to nothing when deprived of its hues and tricky appeal. In this way in a domain where truth has been raised to the most elevated conceivable top, there is a bad situation for craftsmanship which is so far expelled from truth. Its expulsion from the perfect society may anyway be renounced in the event that it can demonstrate to have its utilization in maintaining truth, ethical quality and prudence as opposed to reducing it. PLATO'S VIEWS ON CENSORSHIP Plato through his speaker waxes expressive on the requirement for restriction in craftsmanship. Not exclusively are the craftsmen careless as to truth however they add to moral rot also. These imitators have no information on what is acceptable, awful or genuinely delightful; they simply depict what they see as the genuine article. The normal man is diverted by the draw and appeal of expressions of the human experience and has no chance or methods for penetrating this faade. Socrates affirms that the better piece of the spirit is the one which looks for asylum in reason. Verse in the mean time claims to the baser senses in man. Notwithstanding disaster a great many people in the grasp of reason would endeavor to resist the urge to panic, without enjoying inefficient and damaging interests. Anyway in verse, the hero would flounder despondently, bewailing his destiny in long discourse. The crowd will become overly enthusiastic and overlook themselves in the process without understanding that from the wickedness of other men something of abhorrence is conveyed to themselves. Thus it is basic that, craftsmanship which is cocky, ethically lustful or outright crazy be solidly evacuated from society before it permits the brute in man to go out of control bringing about good breakdown and social ruin. THE WRITER'S VIEW ON THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF ART While Plato's perspectives on the job of workmanship in the republic are persuading and mostly

Prepape Comprehensive Examination Written Responses - 6050 Words

Prepape Comprehensive Examination Written Responses (Coursework Sample) Content: COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATIONWRITTEN RESPONSESSubmitted by: Presented in Partial Fulfillmentof the Requirements for the Degree of Masters.STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL WORKI understand that Capella Universitys Academic Honesty Policy (3.01.01) holds learners accountable for the integrity of work they submit, which includes, but is not limited to, discussion postings, assignments, comprehensive exams, and the dissertation. Students are expected to understand the Policy and know that it is their responsibility to learn about Instructor and general academic expectations with regard to proper citation of sources in written work as specified in APA Publication Manual, 6th Edition. Serious sanctions can result from violations of any type of the Academic Honesty Policy including dismissal from the University.I attest this document represents my own work. Where I have used the ideas of others, I have paraphrased and given credit according to the guidelines of the APA Publication Manual, 6th Edition. Where I have used the words of others (i.e. direct quotes), I have followed the guidelines for using direct quotes prescribed by the APA Publication Manual, 6th Edition.I have read, understood, and abided by Capella Universitys Academic Honesty Policy (3.01.01). I further understand Capella University takes plagiarism seriously; regardless of intention, the result is the same.I understand that placement of my learner ID# below constitutes signing and attesting to this Statement of Original Work.Attested to by: QUESTION 1Compare and contrast at least 2 quantitative research approaches (for example, Structural Equation Modeling, Regression Analysis) which have been used or may be used in studies on how inadequate employee training can compromise valuable information.Examine and discuss the issues of sampling, validity, reliability, and bias relative to the chosen approaches.IntroductionThe question requires a comparison and contrast of two quantitative research approache s that have been used or may be used when studying how inadequate employee training could compromise valuable organizational information. In furtherance, the question requires that much focus be based on discussion and examination of validity, reliability, and biasness in relation to the chosen approaches. In underscoring study question, it is imperative to begin by defining the meaning of information security. Information security refers to defensive process of denying or restricting unauthorized access, disclosure or use, disruption, perusal, modification, destruction, inspection or recording data. The term could as well be used generally regardless of electronic or physical data. The comprehensive examination will entail comparative analysis of two quantitative research approaches (Hall, Nardi and Fienberg, 2011). In contrast, it will explore effective quantitative analysis in real life situation as far as security of information is concerned in an organization (Hoyle, 2014). How ever, the two approaches that will be explored are Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Regression Analysis (RA), and their application on how inadequate employee training could compromise valuable information. It could be explained further that quantitative study comprises of collection of raw data and consequent conversion of statistical information into mathematical form in order to ease analysis and drawing explorative conclusions (Mueller, 2012). Moreover, determination and manipulation of statistical data requires comparison of quantitative analysis methods to be used to analyze effects of inadequate employee training on valuable information in an organization (Hee-Dong et. al., 2014). However, research will have hypotheses especially regarding questions to be addressed; for example, predictions about perceived relationships between inadequate employee training and security of information in an organization. The process would enhance disparities and comparison of variables. Moreover, to be assured of integrity and reliability, the study will explore questions through various instruments and materials like observation check lists and computer tests, in addition to a clearly defined plan of action leading to determination of how effective an organization could adopt employee training for securing crucial information (Mair, Wu, and Bentler, 2010). In continuation, below is the illustration of importance of adequate training on information security.Importance of Adequate Employee Training on Information Security AwarenessWith regard to organization, adequate employee training is necessary in order to enhance information security, indeed the process require a lot of work and resources. As such, employees within an organization need to explore challenging tasks regarding security of information (Aloise, 2010). Unless there is effective training on how to handle organizational data, it would be useless to waste resources to train. When employees are unable to maintain confidentiality of information, organization risks exhibiting information mishandling or inappropriate use by unauthorized persons (Hall and Fienberg, 2011). Such organization is likely to be noncompliant of highly growing number of legal implications for privacy and data security. Other valuable assets and organizational corporate reputation are likely to be compromised as well (Kirlappos and Sasse, 2012).Moreover, when initiating change, it is imperative to state that not every employee would embrace similar ideology (Hall and Fienberg, 2011). To some extent, employees would feel as is the process of initiative information system is aimed at rendering their services obsolete. This is based on the fact that specific employees may not cope with change, while others would view it with positivity. Such processes within an organization would be taken to safeguard data (Chaudhuri, Monteleoni, and Sarwate, 2011). Meanwhile, in analyzing how inadequate employee training could co mpromise valuable information within an organization, it is realistic that numeric dataset should be adopted through quantitative analysis methods and techniques (Vacca, 2012). Moreover, the analyses are based on levels of research validity, reliability and also considering information biases to adopt an all-inclusive approach to deliver comprehensive outcome on how organizational information could be secured. Thus leading to high production efficiency (Fox, Nie and Byrnes, 2012).An organization should highlight how trainings would be conducted and appropriate methods in communicating the training resources, whether the organization is concerned with verification of desired results from training sessions or not (Vacca, 2012; Koenig-Lewis, Palmer and Moll, 2010). In other words, an organization should integrate strategies that ease ability to update and retrain employees on education programs routinely in order to improve level of information security (Chaudhuri, Monteleoni, and Sarw ate, 2011). Training should also consider and integrate work and compliance ethics between employees and management. It implies that both staff and management should put into practice similar information (Aloise, 2010). This could enhance results through accountability and compliance with published policies within organization. Hence accomplishing targeted benchmarks in organization as far as security of valuable information is concerned (Hall and Fienberg, 2011). Moreover, quantitative data is often collected through respective processes and procedure that could effectively be integrated in statistical analysis, for example; stylish SCP (statistical computer packages) like SPSS (Hoyle, 2014). Moreover, analysis determine the extent to which IT and management practices could be adopted to positively impact organizational practices (Mueller, 2012). This process involve and integrates research variables which varies with research process adopted. However, statistical analysis will exp lore how inadequate employee training could lead to intrusion of valuable organizational information (Skyrius Bujauskas, 2010). In furtherance, comparison of quantitative techniques creates in-depth understanding of how to secure organizations information, leading to understanding issues related to sampling, data validity, reliability, and bias respectively (Hoyle, 2014).It is important to restate that study objectivity targeted exploration of how inadequate employee training affects level of skills in averting information system intrusion (Fox, Nie and Byrnes, 2012). However, adopting IT training may change employee or management approach to common problems that necessitated the integration of new system making the participants to derive negative attitude towards the management practices (Mueller, 2012). Moreover, it necessitates adoption of critical approach to examine methods of implementing secure system. Thus leading to conclusions that emphasize on how to avoid exhibited bias es. Besides, research will ensure measure what claims about whether IT systems have positive impact on management in organizational setup (Hall, Nardi and Fienberg, 2011). There would be clear understanding of IT system in organization, hence adopting effective process in preparation for data control (Zhou, 2012; Mueller, 2012). Conversely, the external factors, which might affect employees level of acquaintance with system security are important factor in ensuring that information management system (IT system) is not accompanied by other changes that might adversely affect the organization (Fox, Nie and Byrnes, 2012). Moreover, key emphasis within quantitative study are based on rational perception which aims at moving from general to specific IS (information system) considerations regarding the study topic, which at times could be regarded as a top-down approach (Skyrius...

Critically Discuss the Contribution of the Work of...

Grey offers a number of opinions on management thought in his book â€Å"A Very Short Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book about Studying Organisations† (2009). He outlines his opinions through a number of themes within the book such as looking at bureaucracy and scientific management together, his views on human relations theory (HRT) and its links with people management, the theme of organization culture and post-bureaucracy and how it is effecting change management. The final theme I will discuss in my essay is fast capitalism and how it is ending management. While looking at the themes I will also be evaluating Grey’s arguments within them and try to relate them where applicable to Wren and Bedeian’s book â€Å"The Evolution of†¦show more content†¦This can be linked to Wren and Bedeian’s (2009) conclusions drawn from the Hawthorne Studies, they conclude that these experiments showed us that workers were not driven only by money but a lso by social factors which can lead to increased and decreased productivity. People management and HRT are very similar in my opinion as HRT is the way in which we manage people. It is important for people to see a manager as someone who helps people and not just a person who exploits someone to get the best work out of them. Grey (2009) gives an example of how HRT has changed the way we view managers by using a son and father conversation. The child asks his dad what he does and he replies how he exploits people and dehumanises them by making them work as hard as possible. Under HRT thought he replies how he helps people and makes unhappy people see that he cares about them. This example by Grey is exceptional in my opinion and to me it personifies what HRT and people management is; it is type of thought whereby the manager’s aim is to care for and motivate his workers. The view of the manager is undeniably hugely important to motivating workers as if they are seen as caring and helpful it acts as an incentive to workers to work harder this view is al so shared in Wren and Bedeian (2009) where they say the significance of effective supervision in maintaining employee’s productivity and job satisfaction is huge.Show MoreRelatedCritically Discuss the Contribution of the Work of Frederick W. Taylor to Management Thought and Practice. 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Using Sociology to Bridge the Opportunity Gap - 1193 Words

The current socio-economic climate of the United States and the world at large can best be characterized as one in which access to both opportunity and wealth are increasingly scarce to those living in poverty. While there are a number of contributing factors that create this mass inequality, the scope of this argument will focus on education. The American schooling system is lagging behind globally and the current programs in place are ineffective to the point of being detrimental. This paper asserts that specific changes to the public education system will produce positive outcomes not only in the global ranking but will be additionally beneficial in bridging the opportunity gap and countering the growing culture of classism.†¦show more content†¦Bringing sociology to public schools would have the additional positive effect of reversing the growing culture of classism and its accompanying deficit theory. This theory, rooted in idealism, asserts that â€Å"poor people are poor because of their own moral and intellectual deficiencies (Collins, 1988)†. Theorists promote this theory by â€Å"drawing on well-established stereotypes† (Gorski) and ignoring the systemic conditions rigged to maintain the status quo. By controlling the conversation as an issue of deficient individuals rather than one of unequal access to basic human rights the cycle continues from generation to generation. While it may seem unlikely, the introduction of sociology into the classroom would be vital in reversing this damaging culture which has been cultivated over generations. Beyond introducing individuals to the sociological imagination necessary to navigate society; introducing sociology into the public school curriculum will allow individuals to fully understand the systemic disadvantages forced upon them, their parents, and eventually, even their children. 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Such as harsh economic problems here in the U.S., almost worse than those faced in the Dominican Republic, lack of quality and skilled job opportunities, due to a poor educationRead MoreChildren Should Spend Watching Television2077 Words   |  9 PagesAnimated cartoons, or motion pictures using animated techniques to display sequential drawings, have been a popular form of entertainment since the early eighteenth century. From the 1920’s to the 1960’s was a time marked as the golden age of cartooning. Years after that would provide a special time slot that had kids waiting in anticipation for the weekends, a term known as Saturday Morning Cartoons. Research conducted within the last decade has concluded that children spend significantly more time

Between Silence And Light Essay Example For Students

Between Silence And Light Essay Between The Silence and The LightIntroductionArchitecture is a meeting place between the measurable and the unmeasurable. The art of design is not only rooted in the aesthetic form, but in the soul of the work. In Phenomena and Idea, Stephen Holl once wrote, The thinking-making couple of architecture occurs in silence. Afterward, these thoughts are communicated in the silence of phenomenal experiences. We hear the music of architecture as we move through spaces while arcs of sunlight beam white light and shadow. Undoubtedly, Holl adopted this concept from its author, Louis I. Kahn. Unquestionably, I am referring to Silence and Light, a concept created and nurtured by Khan, and one that dominated the later half of his work. Kahn had chosen the word Silence to define the unmeasurable or that which has not yet come to be. According to Khan, the unmeasurable is the force that propels the creative spirit toward the measurable, to the Light. When the inspired has reached that which is, tha t which known, he has reached the Light. Eloquently expressing the architects passion for design, Khan wrote Inspiration is the of feeling at the beginning at the threshold where Silence and Light meet. Silence, the unmeasurable, desire to be. Desire to express, the source of new need, meets Light, the measurable, giver of all presence, by will, by law, the measure of thing already made, at a threshold which is inspiration, the sanctuary of art, the treasury of shadow. Khan believed that in order for architectural theory to be credible, it had to be constructed. Thirty years ago, Khan began one of his most successful executions of the Silence and Light with the Library at Phillips Exeter Academy. This New Hampshire landmark physically illustrates and ideologically embodies many of Khans concepts and incorporates many of his beliefs, synthesizing them into a tight little package with a powerful punch. The subtleties of materiality coupled with multiple plays of light truly embody the spirit of Khans philosophy at Exeter Academy. As Stephen Holl concisely expresses Architecture is born when actual phenomena and the idea that drives it intersectMeanings show through at this intersection of concept and experience. It is exactly Khans blending of idea and design that makes this building a model for theoretical execution in design. The following essay will explore the many architectural implementations of Khans theories from materials, to form, to function and to the Silence and Light. This investigation shall probe the ideology in conjunction with its realization to the approach, the circulation, the enclosure and the details. Additionally, the Library at Phillips Exeter Academy shall be analyzed in relationship to his theories on education, institutions and learning. As the quote I asked the building what it wanted to be has been often attributed to Louis Khan, I shall ask the question, What did Khan want the building to be, and how did he approach this challenge?Institutions and EducationKhan believed that Institution stems from the inspiration to live. This inspiration remains meekly expressed in our institutions today. The three great inspirations are the inspiration to learn, the inspiration to meet, and the inspiration for well being. The architecture of Exeter Library captures the essence of these inspi rations, offering opportunities for all of them to blossom. Khan continued They all serve, really, the will to be, to express. This is, you might say, the reason for living. It is this inspiration that enlivens the spirits of the students, and motivates them to study and learn. I may suggest then, that if the purpose of the institution lies within the Silence, then its physical materialization becomes the Light. If we assume that the desire to seek truth and universal knowledge is rooted in the Silence, then we may accept the school building to be the Light, more precisely spent light. Khan believed that the first schools emerged from the Silence, from the desire to learn. Schools began with a man under a tree, who did not know he was a teacher, discussing his realization with a few, who did not know they were students. The students aspired that their sons also listen to such a man. Spaces were erected and the first schools began. Since Khan believed the essence of learning institut ions should reflect these origins, he concluded that the building should promote the fundamental inspiration of learning. Khan believed that students had as much to teach as teachers, that students inspired the teacher by their desire to be. Teaching is an act of singularity to singularity. It is not talking to a group. They teach you of your own singularity, because only a singularity can teach a singularity. Postulating that teaching could only happen when learning was present, Khan sought to embrace the singularity for students. Singularity is in the movement from Silence, which is the seat of the unmeasurable and the desire to be, to express, moving towards the means to express, which is material made of Light. Light comes to you because actually it is not divided; it is simply that which desires to be manifest, coming together with that which has become manifest. That movement meets at a point which may be called your singularity. In other words, the greatest potential of disco very stems from the meeting of the desire to learn and the desire to teach. Although Khan was fond of learning, he maintained contempt for the educational system. He believed that the the will to learn, the desire to learn, is one of the greatest inspirations. I am not that impressed by education. Learning, yes. Education is something, which is always on trial because no system can ever capture the real meaning of learning. Hence, the basic nature of learning is a personal desire to learn not a series of requirements dictated down by school boards. Khan theorized that for students, forced to memorize of dates, facts and formulas only to be forgotten soon after served no purpose in the realm of true learning. For Khan, teaching is an art form, an acquired talent that must be able to teach a man to fish, not feed him for a day. The work of students should not be directed to the solution of problems, but rather to sensing the nature of a thing. But you cannot know a nature without getting it out of your guts. You must sense what it is, and then you can look up what other people think it is. What you sense must belong to you, and the words of teaching must not in any way be in evidence, so completely has it been transformed into the singularity. Therefore, it is not the responsibility of the teacher to force students to process data nor to use mnemonics, but to provide the vehicle needed to access informationInformation plays an important role in forming our understanding of reality. However, the complexity of everyday life and surrounding environments is often unreadable to us unless seen as a combination of interrelating sub-elements. The situation is paradoxical: we no longer believe in m indless subdivisions of reality as a method to understand it, but at the same time, we do not easily comprehend the globallity of everyday experience. In the design of the Exeter Library, Khan arranged a series of sub-elements, his ideas into a rich design thick with meaning and full of light. And only, through an independent study of each of these sub-elements does one have the opportunity to understand the overall structure. Defining and study of that interdependency of objects was the main theme of this investigation. I conclude then, at Phillips Exeter Academy, Khan began to manifest his beliefs into design, the Library gave Light to Khans Silence. College Dorms EssayWhen Kahn spoke of the plan, he desired to create the interaction of space to space, from light to light. I think that a plan is a society of rooms. A real plan is one in which rooms have spoken to each other. When you see a plan, you can say that it is the structure of the spaces in their light . Along the perimeter of the central hall Khan design shelving with counter space for the presentation of books. Once the user has reached this destination, he shall enter the place of books. The stacks are situated in a utilitarian atmosphere, with basic industrial style lighting. The exposure to concrete is in remarkable contrast to the warmth of the brick reading areas. Once the user selects a book, he proceeds to the third function of space, the reading areas. The first reading area, the carrels form the perimeter ring at the exterior walls of the library. In addition, Khan provided private reading rooms for the faculty, and an exterior arcade. This meeting place occurs on the roof, in the presence of the truest forms of light, the sun. Homage to the LightWhen one experiences the Library at Phillips Exeter Academy, he or she cannot help but notice the constant shifting of Silence and Light. It is almost a dance between the shadow and light, one that effect the spirit and mood of each space and its user. The performance of light begins at the base, as the piers create a rhythm of lightness and darkness and travels the height of the facade. From the ever-changing color of the brick to the depth of the window openings, light dances its way across the building enclosure. As the natural light penetrates the interior, Khan skillfully controls its every movement throughout the interior spaces. Kahns truly impressive use of light emanates in its execution to the three functions of the library. As Khan had stated A plan of a building shall read like a harmony of spaces in light. Even a space intended to be dark should have just enough light from some mysterious opening to tell us how dark it really is. Each space must be defined by its structure and the character of its natural light. In this utilitarian stairwell, the source of light emanates from a deflecting path of glass and wall. Understanding the importance for various sources, type and intensity of light, Khan design the library to take advantage lights many properties. Khan provided three distinct areas of light for the each of his important spaces. The areas for reading in the Light received natural light that was skillfully designed to enhance without inhibiting the ability to read, Glare is bad in the library; wall space is important. Little spaces where you can adjourn with a book are tremendously important, Khan wrote about the Exeter Library. Khan believed the potential of learning was just as great from looking out the window as from reading a book, however he also understood the need to limit the outside distractions, both of people and of light. . At the perimeter he allowed the light to enliven the reading area, yet he controlled the glare at the reading carrels, through window height and the use of sliding shutters. In areas of more serious study, he limited the windows to a source of light from a clerestory. Because the rays of direct sunlight are harmful to books, Khan used dim fluorescent lighting in the place of books, offering only enough to allow the user to find a book. This action however, somewhat contradicts his previous statements on artificial light Space can never reach its place in architecture without natural light. Artificial light is the light of night expressed in positioned chandeliers not to be compared with the unpredictable play of natural light Khan understood the materials and their reactions toward the light. At Exeter, the meaning of light is a demonstration of Kahns most profound philosophical beliefs. As a result of ever-changing external conditions, the interior space comes alive with a constant flux of light and shade. The room exists in the realm of shadows, that is, between the silence of ideas and the light of material reality. Quite possibly one of Kahns most notable innovations in the control of light is found in the ceiling of the great hall. With the l ight tower of Yale University Art Gallery, we are familiar with Khans principle of light blades which deflect light downward and simultaneously perform structural functions. Additionally, the cross shape emphasizes the centrality of the space. As one can see in the photo to the left, it concisely illustrates all three important conditions of light; the invitation of books, the place of books, and the reading in the light. ConclusionThe Library at Phillips Exeter Academy is the Light, the physical manifestation of Khans theories and writings. This project is more about the accumulation of experience or intention of idea than just a place to store and read books. It goes beyond the realm of the known, beyond the mortar and bricks. It is the threshold between the Silence and the Light. If our impression of a building is defined by our knowledge of space, by what we see at a particular moment or what we just saw a few seconds ago, then it is also what we would like to see. However, if we attempt to see a larger world, one that includes that which is not yet along with that which is, as the creative artist, scientist, and architect must, then a more powerful discipline is needed, one used by the poets, which the ancient Chinese Taoist philosopher Lao Tzu called the Tao, the existential philosopher Martin Heidegger called Being, and Louis Kahn called Order. In his essay on Architecture, Khan said You must follow the laws of nature and use quantities of brick, methods of construction, and engineering. But in the end, when the building becomes part of living, it evokes unmeasurable qualities, and the spirit of its existence takes over. Thus, space can be seen also as possibility present in our imagination. The question of physical existence is inappropriate. More appro priately, one should ask For what is an architectural concept if not the material and spatial expression of spiritual intentions? BibliographyBrownlee, David B. and David G. De Long. Lois I Kahn: In the Realm of Architecture. New York, Rizzoli, 1991. Buttiker, Urs. Louis I. Khan: Light and Space, Basel, Birkhuser Verlag, 1994. Holl, Stephen. Phenomena and Idea Date Visited 5/10/99 Jordy, William H. The Span of Kahn, Architectural review 155, no. 928. June 1974Khan, Louis I. Silence and Light: Louis Kahns Words in Between Silence and Light, John Lobell, Boulder, Shambhala Publications, Inc., 1979. Khan, Louis I. Bibliotecas Libraries, New York, Garland, 1988. Lobell, John. Between Silence and Light, Boulder, Shambhala Publications, Inc., 1979. Ronner, H., Jhaveri, S. Complete Work 1935-74, Basel, Birkhuser Verlag, 2nd Ed., 1987. Wiggens, Glen E., Louis I Kahn: The Library at Phillips Exeter Academy, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997. Wurman, Richard Saul, Ed. What Will Be Has Always Been: The Words of Louis I. Khan. New York, Access Press and Rizzoli International Publications, Inc. 1986. Wurman, R.S., What will be has always been. The words of Louis I. Kahn. Progressive Architecture 1969, special edition, wanting to be: the Philadelphia School. p.89.Cambridge, MA and London, England, MIT Press, 1973Wurman, R.S., Feldman, E. The Notebooks and Drawings of Louis I. Khan. Cambridge, MA and London, England, MIT Press, 1973

The tragedy of Richard III lies in the progressive isolation of its protagonist Essay Example For Students

The tragedy of Richard III lies in the progressive isolation of its protagonist Essay From the very opening of the play when Richard III enters solus, the protagonists isolation is made clear. Richards isolation progresses as he separates himself from the other characters and breaks the natural bonds between Man and nature through his efforts to gain power. The first scene of the play begins with a soliloquy, which emphasizes Richards physical isolation as he appears alone as he speaks to the audience. This idea of physical isolation is heightened by his references to his deformity, such as rudely stampdCheated of feature by Dissembling Nature, deformed, unfinished. This deformity would be an outward indication to the audience of the disharmony from Nature and viciousness of his spirit. As he hates the idle pleasures of these days and speaks of his plots to set one brother against another, Richard seems socially apart from the figures around him, and perhaps regarded as an outsider or ostracized because of his deformity. We will write a custom essay on The tragedy of Richard III lies in the progressive isolation of its protagonist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now His separation from is family is emphasized when he says Dive, thoughts down to my soul when he sees his brother approaching. He is unable to share his thought with his own family as he is plotting against them. Thus, we are given hints of his physical, social and spiritual isolation which is developed throughout the play. But despite these hints, he still refers to himself as part of the House of York, shown in the repeated use of Our. The concept of Richards physical isolation is reinforced in his dealings with Anne in Act I scene ii. She calls him thou lump of foul deformity and fouler toad during their exchange. Despite these insults, she still makes time to talk to Richard, and by the end of their exchange, she has taken his ring and been wood by him. After Richard has successfully gained the throne, he isolates himself when he asks the crowd to stand all apart in Act IV scene ii. And later, when Richard dreams, he is completely alone. Physical isolation in Richards deformity wins sympathy from the audience as we pity his condition. But Richard uses his deformity as a tool against the other characters, to portray them as victimizing Richard. Thus the sense of tragedy is lessened by his own actions, even though his isolation may become greater as the play progresses. Richards psychological isolation is conveyed through his lack of conscience in his murderous acts. Nowhere does he feel remorse for his murders, until Act V scene iii when he exclaims Have mercy Jesu! and O coward conscience, how dost thou afflict me!. In this turning point, Richards division from his own self is made clear from I and I, and Is there a murderer here? No. Yes, I am! He has conflicting views of himself and realizes that no creature loves him, not even himself. We also never the real mind of Richard, for he is always playing a role, of a loving brother to Clarence, a lover to Anne or a victim to the others. We feel  sympathy for Richard as he awakes in a vulnerable position and for the first time acknowledges the evil that he has done. But as he only reveals his feelings of guilt in the last act of the play, we do not see him in internal turmoil and thus the sense of psychological tragedy cannot be built upon. Socially, Richard is isolated from both the upper and lower classes of society. In Act I scene iii, Richard sarcastically calls Elizabeth sister, and she contemptuously calls him Brother of Gloucester making a mockery of familial bonds. Margaret calls him cacodemon and devil, and any unity that the characters have on stage is temporary and superficial. In act III, the citizens are said to be mum and deadly pale, which gives a sense of quiet opposition to Richards activities. Richard is thus separated from all around him. Temporarily, we see Richard and Buckingham share a kind of bond, as Richard calls him My other self, My Oracle and My prophet. .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .postImageUrl , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:hover , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:visited , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:active { border:0!important; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:active , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Woman Warrior by Maxine Hong Kingston EssayBut they part when Buckingham hesitates to kill the young princes when Richard says I wish the bastards dead. This is the only time the audience sees Richard act with any other man, but we realize that it is for purely political purposes and that the union exists only while Buckingham remains useful to him. Our sympathy for Richard is limited as we see that he has no true friendships, and does not genuinely care for his family or friends. Thus even in his increasing isolation the sense of tragedy upon his death is not really saddening to the audience as there is no real sense of waste at his loss. Richard isolates himself from God, as he claims to be above Gods law and only uses religion as a tool to appear holy before he is King. But ironically, although he breaks the bonds between man and Nature, he is a tool of Divine Justice as he kill those who were sinners, for example Clarence who recalls his horrible dream and realizes his guilt early in the play. As the murders accumulate so does his separation from God, and the need for his death increases. But being closer to his death brings him closer and closer to being with God. Thus although Richard may not realize it, he is never too far from God. But Richard does not increasingly isolate himself from the audience. From our omniscient position, we share in Richards wit, sarcasm, and the dramatic irony brought about when other characters are not fully aware of the implication of his words. Richard also shares his feelings with us, although he is not always truthful. But the fact that he enjoys his villainy to such a great extent, and feels no remorse for his murders reduces him to a figure of Vice, and is not really seen to be a tragic figure of great proportions. In his killing, we see the guilt of Clarence, King Edward, Rivers, Hastings Buckingham and Lady  Anne exposed before their deaths, along with all those who die. Thus their deaths are necessary and the audience remembers that. Also, the deaths appear off-stage, which lessens the impact of their deaths. The most poignant part of the play occurs in seeing the young princes talk happily and innocently to their uncle and Lord Protector. York says I shall not sleep quiet in the Tower, and we pity them, as they are young and afraid, and are forced to go there because, as the Prince says, My Lord Protector needs will have it so. The children had appeared happy , and the Prince had shown wit and intelligence in his conversation with his uncle. This appears to be the greatest tragic loss in the play, which is heightened because of their youth and innocence. The tragedy of the protagonist is felt because of his attractiveness as a villain and as someone who is not constrained by the rules of society. However, the audience never forgets that he is wicked and therefore we cannot feel a sense of great loss of potential or waste in his death.